os.path.join (folder, filename) ensures the path is correct for the system. On Windows, it uses backslashes (reports\summary.txt); on Linux and macOS it uses forward slashes (reports/summary.txt).

Physics and Python stuff. Most of the videos here are either adapted from class lectures or solving physics problems. I really like to use numerical calculations without all the fancy programming ...

The rate of acquisition of genomic changes in cancer has been the topic of much discussion, with several recent investigations finding evidence of punctuated evolution instead of gradual accumulation ...