The rank transformation refers to the replacement of data by their ranks, with a subsequent analysis using the usual normal theory procedure, but calculated on the ranks rather than on the data. Rank ...

General expressions for the covariance of a product of n random variables with a product of m random variables, and for the expectation of a product of random variables, in terms of the means and ...

Random fluctuations in the intensity and energy of X-ray lasers, which generally limit performance, have been harnessed for high-resolution spectroscopy. Li and colleagues use an XFEL to produce a ...