This paper gives alternative derivations for the standard variance formulas in two-stage sampling. The derivations are based on a direct use of the statistical properties of the sampling errors in the ...

The method of simple random sampling (METHOD=SRS) selects units with equal probability and without replacement. Each possible sample of n different units out of N has the same probability of being ...

They concluded that systematic or stratified random sampling patterns are more effective than simple random sampling for bulk powder testing.

However, there was a point of diminishing returns, where very high sample numbers—like testing every can produced—would not be meaningfully more powerful. They concluded that systematic or stratified ...

Learn how simple random sampling works and what advantages it offers over other methods when selecting a research group from a larger population.

A simple random sample is used to represent the entire data population. A stratified random sample divides the population into smaller groups based on shared characteristics.

When observations are costly or time-consuming but the ranking of the observations without actual measurement can be done relatively easily, rankedset sampling (RSS) can be employed instead of simple ...

As an estimator of the population mean, the sample mean based only on the distinct units possesses a remarkable invariance property. Under three forms of simple random sampling, viz. simple random ...

In simple random sampling, each unit has an equal probability of selection, and sampling is without replacement. Without-replacement sampling means that a unit cannot be selected more than once.