The optimisation of gas networks has emerged as a critical field in energy systems engineering, incorporating advanced nonlinear programming techniques to address the increasing complexity of gas ...

A continuous casting machine is used in the steel industry to transform liquid steel into semifinished pieces of steel which are further processed through rolling mills to their final dimensions. When ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract In constrained optimization problems the rates of change of the objective function with respect to the independent (nonbasic) variables have ...