Probabilistic model checking and Markov decision processes (MDPs) form two interlinked branches of formal analysis for systems operating under uncertainty. These techniques offer a mathematical ...

Multi-Turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) refers to the process where a model solves a problem by interacting with external tools through multiple rounds to assist reasoning. Although this approach ...

This paper extends the dynamically formulated hidden Markov models to a high-order hidden Markov model (HO-HMM) formulation. In the HO-HMM, the Markovian assumption that the future states (interpreted ...

MIS Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1 (March 2018), pp. 83-100, A1-A8 (26 pages) User contribution is critical to online communities but also difficult to sustain given its public goods nature. This paper ...