Most of us know that a quartz clock uses a higher frequency crystal oscillator and a chain of divider circuits to generate a 1 Hz pulse train. It’s usual to have a 32.768 kHz crystal and a 15-stage ...

Last time on Circuit VR, we looked at creating a very simple common emitter amplifier, but we didn’t talk about how to select the capacitor values, or much about why we wanted them. We are going to ...

The goal of this series is to maximize the voltage gain of the single transistor amplifier. I had always thought that hFE had a profound effect upon voltage gain, so I set out to determine how ...

Editors’ Note: This segment is adapted from Chapter 2 of Power Supplies for LED Driving by Steve Winder. Since an LED behaves like a constant voltage load, it can be directly connected to a current ...

1 STMicroelectronics, 95121 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 STMicroelectronics ...