Hints of a new fundamental interaction are starting to look less like statistical ghosts and more like a pattern that refuses to go away. From the strange wobble of subatomic particles to puzzling ...

The model we have for understanding the universe’s fundamental particles is a bit like a gearbox: one tiny change to any one single particles’ properties throws off the mechanics of the other ...

Protons sit in the nuclei of all atoms, but they are not fundamental particles: They are made of three quarks held together ...

Researchers have discovered that molecules experience non-reciprocal interactions without external forces. Fundamental forces such as gravity and electromagnetism are reciprocal, where two objects are ...

What is a Surface Force Apparatus (SFA)? The Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) is a highly sensitive scientific instrument used to measure the forces between two surfaces at the nanoscale. It allows ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London. Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and ...