Operationally define challenging behaviors. Challenging behaviors should be defined in terms that are specific, observable, and measureable (i.e., one can see and count the behaviors). Be specific ...

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our ...

Assessing student learning effectively is often complicated by relying on ambiguous proxies such as grades, quiz scores, or assumptions about students' internal states, such as what they feel, think, ...