In this Perspective, I review data showing that different types of memory are not solely distinguishable on the basis of consciousness of encoding or retrieval. First, I discuss evidence that the ...

In a classic experiment in the field of cognitive psychology conducted by Godden and Baddeley in 1975 [1], 18 divers learned lists of words either on dry land or underwater. The researchers found that ...

The ability to predict brain activity from words before they occur can be explained by information shared between neighbouring words, without requiring next-word prediction by the brain.

In Speak, Memory, Vladimir Nabokov reflects on his past with such vivid clarity that people and places seem suspended in time, untethered from specific moments. His recollections evoke the feeling ...