The benchmark tests show that the noise-free realization of QA can significantly outperform state-of-the-art classical algorithms. Quantum annealing (QA) is a cutting-edge algorithm that leverages the ...

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Classifying a variable as a particular type of data is important when considering how to present the data. Data can be presented in a number of ways, which depends on the type of variable and the uses ...

This paper develops a method to efficiently estimate hidden Markov models with continuous latent variables using maximum likelihood estimation. To evaluate the (marginal) likelihood function, I ...

Control for confounding is crucial in causal observational studies. However, the modelling of continuous confounders has not received much attention. This is probably because in causal research the ...

Classifying a variable as a particular type of data is important when considering how to present the data. Data can be presented in a number of ways, which depends on the type of variable and the uses ...